How your car cooling system works. The cooling system is comprised of the following parts.. Water Pump: The water pump is either driven by the fan belt or the timing belt on some newer vehicles. The pump moves coolant from the radiator, through the engine, and back into the radiator. The pump has a shaft with a pulley on one end and a pump rotor on the other end. When the pulley is spun by a belt, the rotor moves the coolant. Radiator: The radiator is a series of thin channels where the coolant flows through and it cooled by air flowing through it.

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It is important to keep your coolant in good condition to keep the channels open in the radiator. Following your manufacturers recommendation for changing your coolant, to keep your radiator in good shape. Thermostat: The thermostat controls the flow of coolant through the engine. When your engine is cold, it actually operates with less efficiency. So until the engine warms up to it's ideal temperature, the thermostat keeps coolant from flowing. Your thermostat can fail in either an open or closed condition.

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When it fails in the open position, your engine may actually run too cold and you will have bad gas mileage. If the thermostat fails in the closed position, your engine will overheat since no coolant will be flowing through the engine. Hoses: The hoses carry the coolant from the radiator to the waterpump and from the engine to the radiator. Hoses are generally made of rubber and can deteriorate with time. Hose should be flexible and not dry rotted (check for tiny cracks in the hose)Coolant: Coolant is generally a mix of water and ethylene glycol.

Many times called Anti- Freeze, coolant serves many purposes. As it's common name implies, coolant prevents freezing, but it also provides lubrication for the waterpump, increases boiling point of water, and keeps rust and scale from forming in your cooling system. Coolant must be changed on a regular basis, check your owners manual for the recommended schedule. PH level is critical to keeping your coolant from becoming a metal eating liquid. When you check your coolant for freeze point, also check out the PH level and make sure your coolant has not turned acidic.

Common Problems: Let's look at the common problems cars have with the cooling system. Broken hose. Hoses wear out and can leak. Broken fan belt. The water pump is driven by the engine through a belt.

If the belt breaks the water pump can not turn and coolant will not be circulated through the engine. This will also lead to engine overheating. Faulty radiator cap. The radiator cap is designed to hold a certain pressure in the coolant system. Most caps hold 8 - 1. PSI. This pressure raises the point in which the coolant will boil and maintains a stable system.

If your cap does not hold pressure, then the car could overheat on hot days since the system never becomes pressurized. Water pump failure. Replay Video Capture 3 0 With Crack Head. Most commonly you will hear a screeching noise and will be able to see coolant leaking from the front of the pump or under the car. Early signs are small spots of coolant under the car after being parked overnight and a strong coolant odor while driving. Head gasket.. Could be a head gasket. The head gasket seals the cylinder head to the engine block and also seals the coolant passages.

When this gasket fails coolant can enter the cylinder and it will be turned to vapor as the engine fires. Head gaskets most often fail after the engine has experienced an overheating situation. Change your coolant every 2 - 3 years depending on the manufacturers recommendations.

You can check the freeze point of your coolant with an anti- freeze tester available at any auto parts store. Inspect your radiator cap for deterioration of the rubber seal. Replace if you think it is worn. Have your coolant system flushed every 5 years.

Overheating when idling points to a different problem than overheating at highway speeds. Ask your mechanic if it's worth changing the timing belt or chain while he is replacing your water pump. Many times the timing belt turns the water pump so it has to be removed anyway to access the water pump. WARNING: Never open your radiator when the engine is hot. The pressure in the system can cause hot coolant to splash out and burn you.

Hammer - Wikipedia. Not to be confused with mallet. A hammer is a tool or device that delivers a blow (a sudden impact) to an object.

Most hammers are hand tools used to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal, and break apart objects. Hammers vary in shape, size, and structure, depending on their purposes. Hammers are basic tools in many trades. The usual features are a head (most often made of steel) and a handle (also called a helve or haft). Although most hammers are hand tools, powered versions exist; they are known as powered hammers. Types of power hammer include steam hammers and trip hammers, often for heavier uses, such as forging.

Some specialized hammers have other names, such as sledgehammer, mallet, and gavel. Stones attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were being used as hammers with handles by about 3. BCE during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age. The hammer's archeological record shows that it may be the oldest tool for which definite evidence exists of its early existence. This two- piece design is often used, to combine a dense metallic striking head with a non- metallic mechanical- shock- absorbing handle (to reduce user fatigue from repeated strikes). If wood is used for the handle, it is often hickory or ash.

Rigid fiberglass resin may be used for the handle; this material does not absorb water or decay, but does not dissipate shock as well as wood. A loose hammer head is hazardous because it can literally . Wooden handles can often be replaced when worn or damaged; specialized kits are available covering a range of handle sizes and designs, plus special wedges for attachment. Some hammers are one- piece designs made primarily of a single material.

A one- piece metallic hammer may optionally have its handle coated or wrapped in a resilient material such as rubber, for improved grip and reduced user fatigue. Some hammers have interchangeable striking surfaces, which can be selected as needed or replaced when worn out.

Designs and variations. The side of a hammer is the cheek and some hammers have straps that extend down the handle for strength. Shown here are: A. Ball- peen hammer B. Straight- peen hammer C. Cross- peen hammer.

The claw of a carpenter's hammer is frequently used to remove nails. A large hammer- like tool is a maul (sometimes called a . The essential part of a hammer is the head, a compact solid mass that is able to deliver a blow to the intended target without itself deforming.

The impacting surface of the tool is usually flat or slightly rounded; the opposite end of the impacting mass may have a ball shape, as in the ball- peen hammer. Some upholstery hammers have a magnetized face, to pick up tacks. In the hatchet, the flat hammer head may be secondary to the cutting edge of the tool. The impact between steel hammer heads and the objects being hit can create sparks, which may ignite flammable or explosive gases. These are a hazard in some industries such as underground coal mining (due to the presence of methane gas), or in other hazardous environments such as petroleum refineries and chemical plants.

In these environments, a variety of non- sparking metal tools are used, primarily made of aluminium or beryllium copper. In recent years, the handles have been made of durable plastic or rubber, though wood is still widely used because of its shock- absorbing qualities and repairability. Hand- powered hammers. The name usually refers to a hammer with a 2- to- 4- pound (0.

Originally these were often cross- peen hammers, with one round face and one wedge- peen face, but in modern usage the term primarily refers to hammers with two round faces. Gavel, used by judges and presiding authorities to draw attention. Geologist's hammer or rock pick. Joiner's hammer, or Warrington hammer. Round face generally for moving or drawing metal and flat for .

They include: In professional framingcarpentry, the manual hammer has almost been completely replaced by the nail gun. In professional upholstery, its chief competitor is the staple gun. Tools used in conjunction with hammers. When the hammer strikes, the head is stopped by an opposite force coming from the target, equal and opposite to the force applied by the head to the target. If the target is a hard and heavy object, or if it is resting on some sort of anvil, the head can travel only a very short distance d before stopping. Since the stopping force F times that distance must be equal to the head's kinetic energy, it follows that F is much greater than the original driving force f—roughly, by a factor D/d. In this way, great strength is not needed to produce a force strong enough to bend steel, or crack the hardest stone.

Effect of the head's mass. While the energy delivered to the target increases linearly with mass, it increases quadratically with the speed (see the effect of the handle, below). High tech titanium heads are lighter and allow for longer handles, thus increasing velocity and delivering the same energy with less arm fatigue than that of a heavier steel head hammer. Dead blow hammers use special rubber or steel shot to absorb recoil energy, rather than bouncing the hammer head after impact. Effect of the handle. It keeps the user's hands away from the point of impact. It provides a broad area that is better- suited for gripping by the hand.

Most importantly, it allows the user to maximize the speed of the head on each blow. Installing Gun Safe On Carpet. The primary constraint on additional handle length is the lack of space to swing the hammer.

This is why sledge hammers, largely used in open spaces, can have handles that are much longer than a standard carpenter's hammer. The second most important constraint is more subtle. Even without considering the effects of fatigue, the longer the handle, the harder it is to guide the head of the hammer to its target at full speed. Most designs are a compromise between practicality and energy efficiency. With too long a handle, the hammer is inefficient because it delivers force to the wrong place, off- target.

With too short a handle, the hammer is inefficient because it doesn't deliver enough force, requiring more blows to complete a given task. Modifications have also been made with respect to the effect of the hammer on the user. Handles made of shock- absorbing materials or varying angles attempt to make it easier for the user to continue to wield this age- old device, even as nail guns and other powered drivers encroach on its traditional field of use. As hammers must be used in many circumstances, where the position of the person using them cannot be taken for granted, trade- offs are made for the sake of practicality. In areas where one has plenty of room, a long handle with a heavy head (like a sledge hammer) can deliver the maximum amount of energy to the target. It is not practical to use such a large hammer for all tasks, however, and thus the overall design has been modified repeatedly to achieve the optimum utility in a wide variety of situations.

Effect of gravity. If hammering downwards, gravity increases the acceleration during the hammer stroke and increases the energy delivered with each blow.

If hammering upwards, gravity reduces the acceleration during the hammer stroke and therefore reduces the energy delivered with each blow. Some hammering methods, such as traditional mechanical pile drivers, rely entirely on gravity for acceleration on the down stroke. Ergonomics and injury risks. Awkward handles can cause repetitive stress injury (RSI) to hand and arm joints, and uncontrolled shock waves from repeated impacts can injure nerves and the skeleton.

War hammers. In the Middle Ages, it was used often in blacksmith guild logos, as well as in many family symbols. The hammer and pick is used as a symbol of mining. A well known symbol with a hammer in it is the Hammer and Sickle, which was the symbol of the former Soviet Union and is very interlinked with communism and early socialism.